Cabo de HornosLand of the Yagán (Yámana), where the continent ends and the extraordinary begins

Where Cabo de Hornos is, what it is built on and why its land is hardly ever traded.

3.1 Location

Puerto Williams lies at 54°56′ S and 67°37′ W, on the north shore of Navarino, about 45 km as the crow flies from Ushuaia, which sits across the Beagle Channel, in Argentina. Punta Arenas is 292 km away as the crow flies (an hour by air, between 27 and 34 hours by ferry) and Santiago about 2,400 km, reachable only via Punta Arenas. The commune comprises Navarino (about 2,500 km²), Hoste (4,117 km²), Gordon, Londonderry, Wollaston, Hermite, Hornos, the islands of Picton, Lennox and Nueva, and the Diego Ramírez Islands. Picton, Lennox and Nueva were the center of the dispute that nearly brought Chile and Argentina to war in 1978; the 1977 Arbitral Award and the 1984 Treaty of Peace and Friendship left them on the Chilean side.

3.2 Terrain and setting

Puerto Williams occupies a narrow strip between the channel and the first foothills of the range, on a coastal terrace that barely rises above sea level. Behind it rise the Dientes de Navarino, summits above 1,100 m (sources give between 1,118 and 1,195 m), and Cerro Bandera, at about 610 m, which is the town's short climb. The vegetation of Navarino is arranged in bands: deciduous lenga and ñire forest in the north, humid evergreen Magellan coigüe forest in the center and Magellanic tundra in the south, toward Lake Navarino and Lake Windhond. In the outer archipelago, Hornos Island measures 30 km² and has a maximum elevation of 425 m, on peat-covered rock.

3.3 Hydrography

3.4 Soils

No soil survey has been published at commune scale. What is known comes from vegetation cover and the Navarino Territorial Management Plan (IDOM, 2022): the north of the island, under lenga and ñire forest, has forestry, agricultural and livestock potential; the center and south are peat, tundra and rock. The Puerto Williams zoning plan reserves an entire zone (F2) for the peat bogs.

• Advantage: lenga and ñire forest soil in the northern strip of Navarino, with local firewood and potential for gardens and small-scale grazing (the Huertos Familiares lots measure between 0.48 and 1 ha).
• Limitation: constant moisture creates waterlogged peat bogs, poorly suited to foundations; the zoning plan sets a floor area ratio of 0.005 for them.
• Risk: flooding and tsunami within the urban area (zones AR1 and AR2 of the zoning plan) and avalanches or rockfalls in the gullies (AR3). The beaver, introduced in 1946 in Tierra del Fuego, damages the lenga forests.
• Real estate implication: according to the Territorial Management Plan (IDOM, 2022), the state-owned (fiscal) land available within the urban boundary is largely peat bog; the land with the most residential opportunity is allocated to the Chilean Navy.

A climate that never quite becomes polar and never stops being cold: no summer or winter extremes, but not a single warm month.

Puerto Williams has a subpolar oceanic climate (Köppen Cfc), according to the Dirección Meteorológica de Chile (Chilean Meteorological Directorate) fact sheet, with tundra on the summits. The mean annual temperature is 6.3 °C, with a range of only 8.4 °C between the warmest month (January, 10.3 °C) and the coldest (July, 1.9 °C). The Beagle Channel moderates the extremes: mean minimums are positive from October to April. The data correspond to the 1991-2020 normals of the Guardiamarina Zañartu station, the only one in the commune with a long record; they do not represent the islands most exposed to the west and south.

It is the history of two overlapping sovereignties: that of the canoe peoples who needed no border, and that of the States that do.

1. +7,000 years ago

   The first canoe peoples

   Excavations on the north coast of Navarino document a complete maritime sequence going back some 7,000 years. The Wulaia shell middens, with their dome-shaped mounds and fish traps, are the emblematic site.

2. 1616

   Rounding the cape

   The Dutchmen Schouten and Le Maire sail around the southern tip of the Americas for the first time and call it Kaap Hoorn, after the city of Hoorn.

3. 1624

   First European landing on Navarino

   A Dutch expedition under L'Hermite makes landfall on the island; the name of Hermite Island recalls that expedition.

4. 1830 – 1833

   The Beagle and Jemmy Button

   FitzRoy names Navarino after the naval battle of 1827 and takes four Fuegians to England, among them Jemmy Button. In January 1833 the Beagle's second voyage, with Darwin aboard, returns them to their homeland.

5. 1859

   The Wulaia massacre

   Seven members of the Allen Gardiner Anglican mission, among them Garland Phillips, die in Wulaia Bay. Jemmy Button testifies in the 1860 inquiry.

6. 1871 – 1886

   Bridges' mission

   Thomas Bridges settles in Ushuaia and compiles a Yagán-English dictionary of more than 30,000 words. In 1886 he founds the Harberton estancia, across the channel.

7. 1884 – 1892

   Epidemics and the first Chilean colony

   A measles outbreak decimates the Yagán in 1884. In 1892, during the Tierra del Fuego gold rush, Puerto Toro is founded, the first Chilean settlement on Navarino.

8. 1927

   The commune of Navarino is born

   DFL 8,583 of December 30 creates the Tierra del Fuego Department with four communes, among them Navarino.

9. 1945

   Cabo de Hornos National Park

   Decree 995 of April 26 creates the park, which protects Wollaston, Hermite and Hornos Island: the southernmost national park in the world.

10. 1953 – 1956

    From Puerto Luisa to Puerto Williams

    In 1953 the Chilean Navy founds a settlement first called Puerto Luisa; in 1956 it is renamed Puerto Williams, in honor of John Williams Wilson, who took possession of the Strait of Magellan in 1843.

11. 1957 – 1967

    Aerodrome and Villa Ukika

    The Guardiamarina Zañartu aerodrome is inaugurated on February 22, 1957. In 1967 the Yagán families of Mejillones Bay are relocated to Villa Ukika, about 2 km from the town.

12. 1977 – 1985

    Arbitral award, near war and treaty

    The 1977 Arbitral Award grants Chile the southern islands; Argentina rejects it in 1978. After mediation by Pope John Paul II, the Treaty of Peace and Friendship is signed on November 29, 1984 and exchanged on May 2, 1985. In January of that year the Navarino Law is published.

13. 2001 – 2005

    Name change and biosphere reserve

    Law 19,726 changes the name of the commune from Navarino to Cabo de Hornos. On June 29, 2005 UNESCO declares the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, the only one in Chile that combines land and sea.

14. 2022 – 2023

    Cristina Calderón dies and the Sub-Antarctic Center opens

    On February 16, 2022 Cristina Calderón, the last native speaker of Yagán, dies at the age of 93. On May 15, 2023 the Universidad de Magallanes' Cabo de Hornos Sub-Antarctic Center is inaugurated.

15. 2026

    New zoning plan and expedition hotel

    On April 6 the update of the Puerto Williams zoning plan is published in the Official Gazette, after almost ten years of processing. Silversea expects to open its 150-room hotel for Antarctic voyages in October.

One in five inhabitants belongs to an Indigenous people according to the Social Household Registry: double the national average.

According to the March 2025 Social Household Registry, 18 % of the commune's inhabitants belong to an Indigenous people, compared with 20.6 % in the region and 9.2 % in the country. The territory's own people are the Yagán (Yámana), whose community lives mainly in Villa Ukika. There is no 2024 Census breakdown of Indigenous peoples for the commune, and the Yagán language was left without native speakers after the death of Cristina Calderón in 2022.

In daily life the mix shows in the makeup of local power: the municipal council elected in 2024 is made up of six women and is the only one in the country without men. The naval population, meanwhile, is renewed with each posting: according to La Prensa Austral (2024), most naval families have relatives in central Chile and not in Magallanes, which keeps part of the town in transit.

7.1 Population and growth

7.2 Age structure (2024 Census)

Two phenomena dominate. The first is the decline: the commune lost 313 inhabitants between censuses, 15.2 %, while the region held steady. The second is youth: the elderly index is 21.5, compared with 87.1 in the region, and the sex ratio fell from 137.7 in 2017 to 101.4 in 2024, a sign that contingents of single men were replaced by whole families.

The urban-rural breakdown of the 2024 Census was not available at the close of this edition. In 2017 Puerto Williams had 1,868 inhabitants and Navarino Island 2,015, so practically the entire population lives in the town; the Darwin and Hoste districts totaled 42 people. The commune is small but not rural in the productive sense: it is a town with an empty territory around it.

8.1 Poverty and social indicators (CASEN and Social Household Registry)

Poverty is very low: 1.2 % by income, against 6.5 % nationally. It does not reflect business prosperity but a public-salary economy: the Chilean Navy, the municipality, the hospital and State services, plus the 105 % zone allowance received by public employees in Puerto Williams. With such a small sample, the Casen survey has a wide margin of error, and the lack of basic services (7.3 %) is above the regional average.

8.2 Economic activity (SII) and municipal finances (SINIM)

The table should be read with care. There are 239 businesses for 1,750 inhabitants, most of them micro and small. Commerce accounts for 388 of the 706 reported workers: a figure that does not fit a local retail sector of that size and that probably reflects one or two companies with staff declared here; the public data do not allow us to know. And the SII does not register naval personnel or the Naval Base staff, who are the commune's largest source of employment.

Cabo de Hornos does not live off its soil but off its position: it is sustained by the State, expedition tourism and a preferential tax regime.

9.1 The Chilean Navy and the public sector

The naval base is the largest employer. According to La Prensa Austral (February 2024), 270 naval personnel make up just over 40 % of the population of Puerto Williams, and that proportion rises if their families are added. To this are added the municipality (135 fee-based contractors in 2025 and 119 in 2024), the hospital, which had more than 40 staff in 2016, state services and the Liceo Bicentenario. The result is an economy in which demand for housing, commerce and services depends on State staffing levels and their postings.

9.2 Expedition tourism and gateway to Antarctica

Silversea is the only cruise line that embarks passengers for Antarctica from Puerto Williams, from late October to late March. In 2026 that bet becomes infrastructure: The Cormorant at 55 South, a 150-room hotel with an estimated investment of US$50 million, originally due to open in the 2025-26 season and which, after a delay, was announced for October 2026 (Emol, August 2, 2026). The model is the “fly-cruise”: the passenger flies from Santiago, sleeps in Puerto Williams and continues to Antarctica. At the same time, the State is investing in the town's multipurpose pier, at a total cost of $34,589 million, of which $20,599 million had been executed according to Subdere (2026), and the OMIL (Municipal Labor Office) rates the construction of the new Hotel Lakutaia as the commune's largest private project in terms of local employment.

9.3 Fishing, the salmon that never was, and livestock

Puerto Toro, founded in 1892, is one of the southernmost permanent settlements in the world and lives off southern king crab and false king crab. In 2018 the Ministry of National Assets observed that many fishers who operate in the Beagle Channel live in Punta Arenas and come down only to work. Salmon farming does not exist: four concessions of 3.36 ha each, granted in 2005 in the Beagle Channel and operated by Nova Austral, with permits for 138 cages, were declared lapsed by the Undersecretariat of the Armed Forces in June 2019, following complaints from environmental organizations and opposition from Indigenous communities. Livestock and forestry are marginal: northern Navarino has potential, but no production figures were found.

9.4 The special regime: Navarino Law and Austral Law

Law 18,392, published on January 14, 1985 and known as the Navarino Law, created a preferential customs and tax regime for the territory south of the Strait of Magellan, and remains in force until January 14, 2035. According to the analysis by García and Fecci in the Anuario de Derecho Tributario No. 13 (2021), two groups benefit. Companies with an approval resolution, which must be established in the area and have an industrial, mining, marine-exploitation, transport or tourism business activity, are exempt from first-category tax and VAT on their operations, and receive a 20 % bonus on their sales to the rest of the country. Residents and real estate in the territory receive the property tax exemption, VAT exemption on sales between residents, and subsidies for labor and investment.

The Austral Law (Law 19,606) adds a tax credit for investments in the Aysén and Magallanes regions, and Law 21,210 of 2020 extended the extreme-zone benefits to 2035 (SII, Circular 60 of 2020). The effect, according to that reading, is that real estate in the territory is exempt from property taxes and that anyone investing in tourism, transport or fishing can avail themselves of a regime that does not exist in the rest of Chile.

10.1 Available properties and property types

The visible private market is minimal. On October 7, 2026 the Yapo portal showed only three sale listings in the commune, all houses and none of them land; Portal Inmobiliario and Mercado Libre could not be consulted. No published rental listings were found, only an ad from a person looking to rent one bedroom with a budget of $600,000 per month. What does circulate are state-owned (fiscal) lots that the Ministry of National Assets leases or sells, and MINVU social housing. The Territorial Management Plan (IDOM, 2022) notes that land transactions on Navarino are mainly disposals of state-owned lots, at values below those of the rest of Magallanes.

10.2 Average price by property type (indicative, October 2026)

The pace of the market is set by the State. Under the Plan Navarino program (Ministry of National Assets, since August 2018), state-owned land was sold to tenants and residents for between $4 and $18 million; since 2022, 24 entrepreneurs lease lots of 0.5 to 1 ha. The SEREMI (Regional Ministerial Secretariat) has said it seeks to avoid inappropriate construction and speculative second homes on state-owned land. There were no recent tenders for state-owned lots in Puerto Williams that could be verified.

10.3 What determines price in Cabo de Hornos

What the Puerto Williams zoning plan, in force since April 2026, allows and prohibits, and what happens outside it.

The instrument in force is the Update of the Puerto Williams Municipal Zoning Plan (PRC), promulgated by the Gobierno Regional de Magallanes (Magallanes Regional Government) through Resolution T.R. No. 75 of June 30, 2025 and published in Official Gazette No. 44,417 on April 6, 2026. Its processing took almost ten years: the Strategic Environmental Assessment began in October 2016 and the file went through the Contraloría at least in 2019, 2021 and 2022 before final promulgation. It replaces the 1987 plan (according to the IDOM Territorial Management Plan, 2022). The plan covers only the urban boundary of Puerto Williams; the rest of the commune, almost all of Navarino and the islands, lies outside it and is governed by the rural regime.

Risk areas. The plan declares three: AR1 (flooding), AR2 (tsunami) and AR3 (avalanche, rockfall, flash floods and accentuated erosion). In them one may not build under the zone's rules until Article 2.1.17 of the General Ordinance is met, that is, until risk studies and mitigation works are approved. The plan also sets a coastal protection zone of 80 m from the beach line (maximum lot coverage of 0.3) and a 20 m no-build strip inland from the highest-tide line.

Own protections. Three Historic Monuments (Casa Stirling, today the Museo Territorial Yagán Usi; the former headquarters of the Beagle Naval District; and Casa Naval No. 1), two Buildings of Historic Conservation (warehouses A-1 and B-1 of the Naval Base) and the Huairavo wetland. Outside the town the Tourist Interest Zone (ZOIT) Cabo de Hornos applies, with five areas (Alberto de Agostini, Wulaia, Puerto Williams-Dientes de Navarino-Windhond, the eastern sector with Puerto Toro and Lago Navarino, and Hornos Island), updated by DS 148 of 2019 and extended by Exempt Decree 36 of 2024, published on March 15, 2024.

Outside the urban boundary. Article 55 of the General Law of Urban Planning and DL 3,516 apply. Even so, the land is not freely subdivisible: it is state-owned (fiscal) or part of an Indigenous Development Area. The Huertos Familiares lots, created in the 2000s, remain rural land.

Puerto Williams is organized along the channel: the Costanera and the civic center on the lower part, the residential area toward the slopes, the Naval Base in the bay, the aerodrome to the west and Villa Ukika to the east. There is almost no supply of private lots, so the “market profile” is above all a profile of who occupies each sector.

Operational information that rarely appears in descriptions of a commune and that determines the viability of any property.

The health network is low-complexity and an hour by air from high-complexity care: that defines who lives here and for how long.

The commune belongs to the Magallanes Health Service. The municipality has not had health services transferred to it, but it funds a Preventive Community Health Program, with a team of five professionals (physician, nurse, psychologist, speech therapist and nutritionist) and a budget of $51.5 million in 2025.

The hospital is the southernmost in the country. Its limit is clear: it has no intensive care unit and all higher-complexity care is referred to Punta Arenas, by air evacuation coordinated by the SAMU Regulatory Center. The available data are old: in 2016 there were 25 air evacuations from Puerto Williams, out of 99 in the whole region, and through September 2017 there were 16, with 17 patients. No more recent figures were found.

15.1 School education

The commune has two school facilities and 419 enrolled students (2024), compared with 92 facilities and 30,997 students in the region. Public education has passed to the Local Public Education Service (SLEP) Magallanes; the municipality maintains a collaboration agreement since January 1, 2024 and contributed $107.6 million in 2025 to the two schools, of which $88 million went to firewood for the liceo (secondary school). The JUNJI kindergartens are Tánana and Ukika (with nursery).

The 4° básico results are clearly above the national average (14 points in reading and 19 in mathematics); those for 6° básico match it. With classes of few students, scores vary greatly from one year to the next, and should not be read as a trend. The 2° medio reading result was omitted because of an inconsistency in the published regional data.

15.2 Higher education

The commune has no university of its own, but it does have the Cabo de Hornos Sub-Antarctic Center (UMAG-CHIC), inaugurated on May 15, 2023: 2,581 m² built between 2018 and 2022, led by the Universidad de Magallanes with a consortium of universities (PUC, de Chile, Central, de Talca, Católica de Temuco, de Los Lagos and CIEP). It offers the commune's first technical degree, Tourism in Biocultural Conservation, as well as diploma programs and training courses.

Puerto Williams is the gateway to one of the last nearly untouched landscapes on the planet: lenga and coigüe forests, peat bogs, glaciers and an archipelago of almost unpopulated islands. Almost all of the commune's natural environment is state-owned (fiscal) and protected, so it is an asset for those who visit it and not for those who own it.

Protected areas. The Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, declared by UNESCO on June 29, 2005, covers about 4.9 million hectares, of which 1.9 million are land. The Cabo de Hornos National Park (63,093 ha, Decree 995 of 1945) protects Wollaston, Hermite and Hornos, and the Alberto de Agostini National Park (1.46 million ha, 1965) shares territory with other communes. At sea, the Diego Ramírez Islands-Drake Passage Marine Park (144,390 km², decree of February 2, 2018) protects albatrosses and macaroni penguins. Navarino has no national park: only the Río Róbalo-Dientes de Navarino Protected National Asset and the Omora Park, and a proposal for a park of about 117,000 ha remains unresolved.

17.1 Road network and access

There is no land connection to the mainland. Puerto Williams can be reached only by air or by sea. On Navarino, route Y-905 links Puerto Williams with Puerto Navarino (between 45 and 55 km depending on the source), Y-907 serves the aerodrome and a road to the east reaches as far as Caleta Eugenia. Puerto Toro, at the southeastern end, is reached by sea.

17.2 Aerodrome and port

The Guardiamarina Zañartu aerodrome is the commune's gateway: between October 2024 and March 2025 it carried 13,254 passengers to Puerto Williams and 13,428 in the opposite direction. In 2021 the MOP (Ministry of Public Works) tendered the terminal expansion for $1,918,692,798 to operate the BAe-146. The town's multipurpose pier, with a total cost of $34,589 million, is aimed at cruise ships of up to 240 m in length.

17.3 Road and urban transportation

• Bus terminal: there is none; there is no intercity transport because there is no road to the mainland.
• Urban transport: no documented regular service was found; the town is covered on foot and by private vehicle.
• Railway: there is none.

18.1 Tourism development

The commune has been a Tourist Interest Zone (ZOIT) since 2019, extended in 2024, with five areas. Its action plan recorded 45 tourism businesses in 2021, 15.4 % more than the previous year. In 2025 the Tourist Information Office handled 1,475 inquiries (21.6 % more than in 2024): 54.2 % domestic tourists and 41.6 % foreign, from 43 countries, led by France, Spain and Germany. Actual demand is higher than the office's figures: more than 10,000 people visited the cape in the 2024-25 season.

18.2 Tourist attractions in the commune

• Cape Horn: the southern tip of the Americas, with a lighthouse, a chapel, a Chilean naval station and the albatross monument inaugurated on December 5, 1992.
• Dientes de Navarino: the 4-to-5-day circuit, with 1,217 trekkers from 37 countries in the 2024-25 season and three rescues.
• Wulaia Bay: Yagán shell middens, the site of the 1859 massacre and a port of call for expedition cruises.
• Cerro Bandera: the half-day climb with a view of the Beagle Channel and the mountains of Tierra del Fuego.
• Villa Ukika and the Kipa-Ákar Craft Center: Yagán crafts, in a community 2 km from the town.
• Puerto Toro: one of the southernmost permanent settlements in the world, with a few dozen inhabitants.

18.3 Museums and culture

• Museo Territorial Yagán Usi (formerly the Martín Gusinde Anthropological Museum): about 4,000 pieces, in Casa Stirling (Historic Monument since 2003); it reopened in 2008 and was renamed on January 10, 2024. It is the southernmost museum in the world.
• Yacht Micalvi: a 1925 hull built in Germany as the “Bragi”, sunk in the bay in 1962; today it is a yacht club and a meeting point for sailors arriving at Puerto Williams.
• Casa Naval No. 1 and the former headquarters of the Beagle Naval District: Historic Monuments since 2011, in the Naval Base area.

18.4 Food and dining

Local cuisine is that of the cold sea and of a transient population: the Beagle Channel's southern king crab and false king crab, cove fishing and the dishes of naval families and settlers. The restaurant offering is small and seasonal; a list of establishments with current data could not be verified.

• Southern king crab and false king crab: the emblematic product, caught by artisanal fishers from Puerto Williams and Puerto Toro.
• Club de Yates Micalvi: a meeting point for sailors and visitors aboard the yacht hull.

18.5 Nature and the outdoors nearby

• Trekking: Dientes de Navarino and the climb to Cerro Bandera; visitors must register with Carabineros before departing and on returning.
• Sailing: one- or multi-day trips to Wulaia and Cape Horn from Puerto Williams or on cruises from Ushuaia and Punta Arenas.
• Wildlife: Magellanic penguins and albatrosses on the outer islands, sea lions and humpback whales in the park's waters, and the invasive beaver in the rivers of Navarino.

18.6 Calendar of events and seasons

What anyone who is going to live in Cabo de Hornos, not just visit it, needs to know.

19.1 Sport and outdoor life

• Mountains: Cerro Bandera, of about 610 m, is the town's short excursion; the Navarino Territorial Management Plan contemplates improving its access trail.
• Sailing: the Club de Yates Micalvi is the center of nautical life and welcomes the sailboats that cross from the Atlantic and the Pacific.

19.2 Shopping and supplies

Supply depends on the ferry (the State contracts TABSA for cargo and fuel) and on the air bridge. The SII records 53 commerce businesses; what cannot be found locally arrives from Punta Arenas by barge or plane. One example of the logistics: in May 2025 TABSA transported 342 tons of prefabricated modules for a hotel to Navarino, the largest single load in its history on the route.

19.3 Where to handle paperwork

19.4 Cost of living and practical considerations

• Heating: it is the heaviest expense; firewood was the municipality's largest social program in 2025 ($135 million, out of $330 million executed in social programs).
• Public salaries: the zone allowance for public employees in Puerto Williams is 105 % (DL 249, art. 7), the highest in Magallanes (70 % in the province of Magallanes and 85 % in Última Esperanza and Tierra del Fuego).
• Transport: the airfare is the structural cost; the local sea leg to Puerto Toro costs $7,350 for residents and $143,000 for non-residents (2022), and the crossing to Ushuaia about US$124 plus fees.
• Fuel: gasoline was the most expensive in the region in 2018 ($1,136 per liter versus a regional average of $940), a historical figure that illustrates the surcharge of insularity.

An honest reading of the territory. A sound investment decision also requires knowing what doesn't work.

22.1 Sources consulted

22.2 Methodology note and data currency

• The 2024 Census figures and the 2024 SIMCE results are preliminary and may be adjusted. The 2024 Census did not publish the commune's urban and rural population breakdown or the number of people born abroad.
• Left out because they could not be verified: SII total sales (withheld under statistical secrecy), the area of the new urban boundary, southern king crab quotas by commune, private land prices, Navarino's border-zone status and the Registrar's opening hours. The 2° medio reading SIMCE result was omitted because of an inconsistency in the regional data.
• The commune's 2017 population appears as 2,063 in the BCN; other sources give 2,262. The area of 15,578.7 km² is the BCN figure; other sources give 15,853.7. The height of the Dientes de Navarino varies between 1,118 and 1,195 m depending on the source.
• Some tourism and appraisal figures come from regional press or technical studies and should be checked against the primary source before being used in a contract.
• Real estate price ranges are indicative only and do not constitute an appraisal. With only three visible listings, there is no sample for an average. Each property must be assessed individually.
• This document does not constitute legal or tax advice; references to the Navarino Law, DL 1,939 and the beach strip should be reviewed with a lawyer.
• Cut-off date of this edition: October 2026. It is recommended to review the indicators in sections 7, 8 and 10 annually.